{"id":49,"date":"2013-11-13T19:03:44","date_gmt":"2013-11-13T19:03:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vnps.dreamhosters.com\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/?page_id=49"},"modified":"2020-10-21T16:30:19","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T20:30:19","slug":"ironweeds-not-iron-clad","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/","title":{"rendered":"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Marion Lobstein<\/strong>, Botany Chair, Prince William Wildflower Society and Professor Emeritus, Northern Virginia Community College<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a>Most of approximately 20 species ofVernonia<\/em>\u00a0or ironweeds are native to North America out of roughly 500 species worldwide. Referencing theFlora of Virginia<\/em>, there appears to be significant taxonomic changes to three species:\u00a0Vernonia noveboracensis<\/em>\u00a0(New York ironweed),\u00a0V. glauca\u00a0<\/em>(upland ironweed), and\u00a0V. gigantea<\/em>\u00a0(tall ironweed). Exploration of the taxonomic history of the species and genus reveals a number of earlier taxonomic changes. Linnaeus assigned the genus\u00a0Serratula noveboracensis to\u00a0<\/em>V. noveboracensis,\u00a0<\/em>S. glauca\u00a0<\/em>to\u00a0V. glauca,\u00a0<\/em>and perhaps\u00a0S. altissima\u00a0<\/em>forV. gigantean\u00a0in his 1753 Species Plantarum. John Clayton and Johann Gronovius in the 1762 second edition of Flora Virginica used the genus\u00a0<\/em><\/em>Serratula<\/em>to designate species of ironweed included in this work.<\/p>\n

Andre Michaux is credited with first collecting specimens in the American Colonies, perhaps in the Carolinas, of\u00a0Vernonia noveboracensis<\/em>, New York ironweed. Henry Gleason in 1953 used V. harperi for V. noveborencensis but V. harperi is no longer accepted as a synonym for V. noveboracensis. In 1788, Walter used the genus\u00a0Chrysocoma<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0V. noveboracensis,\u00a0<\/em>proposing\u00a0C. tomentosa\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0V. gigantea as C. gigantea.\u00a0<\/em>Asa Gray in his<\/em>1884 work referred to\u00a0V. glauca\u00a0<\/em>as\u00a0V. noveboracensis<\/em>\u00a0var.\u00a0latifolia,<\/em>\u00a0but by 1894 Nathaniel Britton referred to it as\u00a0V. glauca<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Of the three Virginia species of\u00a0Vernonia<\/em>,\u00a0V. gigantea<\/em>\u00a0has undergone the most change, having been classified as\u00a0Chrysocoma gigantea<\/em>\u00a0by Thomas Walter in\u00a0Flora<\/em>\u00a0Caroliniana<\/em>(1788) and as\u00a0Cacalia<\/em>\u00a0gigantea<\/em>\u00a0by Otto Kuntze (1891).\u00a0V. gigantea<\/em>\u00a0has primarily gone back and forth from\u00a0V. altissima<\/em>\u00a0by Thomas Nuttall in 1818 and even in more recent floras, such as the\u00a0Flora of West Virginia<\/em>\u00a0(1978); in the 7th\u00a0 \u00a0and 8th\u00a0editions (1908 and 1950 respectively) of\u00a0Gray\u2019s Manual of Botany<\/em>; in the\u00a0Manual of the Flora of the Carolin<\/em>as (1968); and in popular wildflower books such as Peterson\u2019s and Newcomb\u2019s wildflower guides.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Vernonia glauca<\/p>\n

In 1983, however, Britton and Brown listed\u00a0V. gigantea<\/em>\u00a0in the\u00a0Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and\u00a0<\/em>Canada, as did Arthur Cronquist in the 1991\u00a0Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada<\/em>\u00a0(2nd\u00a0ed.).<\/p>\n

Chrysocoma<\/em>\u00a0as a genus is still in use but for other members of the Asteraceae.\u00a0Serratula<\/em>\u00a0is still used for a quite a few of Old World species of\u00a0Vernonia<\/em>. Other groups of composites, such as Cirsium thistles and\u00a0Centaurea<\/em>\u00a0knapweeds, have drifted in and out of the genus\u00a0Vernonia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

When I started researching for this article, I did not realize how extensive taxonomic changes were involving our three Virginia species of ironweed. It would seem that scientific names are not Iron(weed)-clad, but instead undergo many changes over time.<\/p>\n

In a future article, I will explore changes in the genus of Joe-Pye Weeds from\u00a0Eupatorium<\/em>(1753) to\u00a0Eutrochium<\/em>\u00a0(1818); back to\u00a0Eupatorium\u00a0<\/em>in most of the later 1800s and 1900s; toEupatoriadelphus<\/em>\u00a0(late 1900s); and, now, once again back to\u00a0Eutrochium<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nothing is iron-clad in taxonomy!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Marion Lobstein, Botany Chair, Prince William Wildflower Society and Professor Emeritus, Northern Virginia Community College Most of approximately 20 species ofVernonia\u00a0or ironweeds are native to North America out of roughly 500 species worldwide. Referencing theFlora of Virginia, there appears to be significant taxonomic changes to three species:\u00a0Vernonia noveboracensis\u00a0(New York ironweed),\u00a0V. glauca\u00a0(upland ironweed), and\u00a0V. gigantea\u00a0(tall…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":12,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"tpl-sidebar.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nIronweeds Not Iron-clad - Prince William Wildflower Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad - Prince William Wildflower Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Marion Lobstein, Botany Chair, Prince William Wildflower Society and Professor Emeritus, Northern Virginia Community College Most of approximately 20 species ofVernonia\u00a0or ironweeds are native to North America out of roughly 500 species worldwide. Referencing theFlora of Virginia, there appears to be significant taxonomic changes to three species:\u00a0Vernonia noveboracensis\u00a0(New York ironweed),\u00a0V. glauca\u00a0(upland ironweed), and\u00a0V. gigantea\u00a0(tall…\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prince William Wildflower Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Prince-William-Wildflower-Society-a-Virginia-Native-Plant-Society-Chapter-142292732540373\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-21T20:30:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/10\/Iron-Weed-Vernon-in-noveboracensis1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/\",\"name\":\"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad - Prince William Wildflower Society\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/10\/Iron-Weed-Vernon-in-noveboracensis1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-11-13T19:03:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-21T20:30:19+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/10\/Iron-Weed-Vernon-in-noveboracensis1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/10\/Iron-Weed-Vernon-in-noveboracensis1.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Botanizing with Marion\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/\",\"name\":\"Prince William Wildflower Society\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad - Prince William Wildflower Society","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/ironweeds-not-iron-clad\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ironweeds Not Iron-clad - Prince William Wildflower Society","og_description":"By Marion Lobstein, Botany Chair, Prince William Wildflower Society and Professor Emeritus, Northern Virginia Community College Most of approximately 20 species ofVernonia\u00a0or ironweeds are native to North America out of roughly 500 species worldwide. 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