{"id":39,"date":"2013-11-13T18:56:37","date_gmt":"2013-11-13T18:56:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vnps.dreamhosters.com\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/?page_id=39"},"modified":"2020-10-21T16:30:19","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T20:30:19","slug":"history-of-classification-of-claytonia-virginica-spring-beauty","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/history-of-classification-of-claytonia-virginica-spring-beauty\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Classification of Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">By Marion Blois Lobstein<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/03\/21674.Claytonia.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright lazyload\" title=\"21674.Claytonia\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/03\/21674.Claytonia.jpg\" width=\"319\" height=\"600\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 319px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 319\/600;\" \/><\/a>The history of the classification of<em>Claytonia virginica\u00a0<\/em>began in 1735 when John Clayton sent a collected and pressed<em>Claytonia virginica<\/em>\u00a0specimen to Johann Friedrich Gronovius in the Netherlands. Clayton had been inspired by Mark Catesby whom Clayton had met during the period Catesby lived in Williamsburg, Virginia from 1712 to 1719. Catesby encouraged Clayton\u2019s interest in plants and taught him how to press plants to preserve them. After Catesby returned to Europe, Clayton often sent him pressed specimens of Virginia plants, and through Catesby, Clayton began to correspond with Gronovius and send him specimens. Mark Catesby also shared Clayton\u2019s specimens with Gronovius and Linnaeus. (See\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/research-curation\/research\/projects\/clayton-herbarium\/index.html\">Clayton\u2019s image specimen at the British Natural History Museum<\/a>.) Linnaeus named the genus\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0in honor of John Clayton and assigned the species epithet (name)\u00a0<em>virginica<\/em>\u00a0for the then-colony of Virginia. In the 1739 (first) and 1762 (second) editions of\u00a0\u00a0<em>Flora Virginica<\/em>\u00a0by John Clayton and Gronovius, which used the Linnaean system of classifying species by number of sexual parts (stamens and pistils),\u00a0<em>Claytonia virginica<\/em>\u00a0 is placed under\u00a0<em>Pentandria Monogynia<\/em>\u00a0(five stamens and one pistil).<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, more recognizable plant families were being proposed. In 1763, the family Portulacaceae with species from 20 families, including the cactus and ice plant families, was first established by Michel Adanson. In 1789, Antoine de Jussieu pared down the number of genera in Portulacaceae, but included\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Montia\u00a0<\/em>(both genera named by Linnaeus).\u00a0 In 1820, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque proposed Montiaceae based on the genus\u00a0<em>Montia.<\/em>\u00a0[The genus\u00a0<em>Montia<\/em>\u00a0was named by Linnaeus in honor of Giuseppe Monti (1682-1760), an Italian botanist.)\u00a0<em>Montia<\/em>\u00a0is very similar to\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>; there have been many switches of species of\u00a0<em>Montia\u00a0<\/em>to genus\u00a0<em>Claytonia\u00a0<\/em>over the last two hundred years].<\/p>\n<p>The famous American botanist Asa Gray, as a teenager, was inspired to study botany by<a href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/03\/Asa-Gray.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright lazyload\" title=\"Asa Gray\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2013\/03\/Asa-Gray.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"328\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 250px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 250\/328;\" \/><\/a>noting\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0in Amos Eaton\u2019s\u00a0<em>Manual of Botany for the Northern States<\/em>\u00a0(1817 edition) and finding live specimens of\u00a0<em>Claytonia virginica<\/em>\u00a0in spring 1828. Eaton still used the Linnaean system of classification. By the time Asa Gray and John Torrey wrote their\u00a0<em>Flora of North America<\/em>\u00a0in 1838,<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0was placed in Portulacaceae. In subsequent editions of\u00a0<em>Gray\u2019s Manual of Botany<\/em>(beginning in 1848), the genus was placed in Portulacaceae.<\/p>\n<p>There has been debate for over two hundred years about what genera should be in Portulacaceae and which species in genera\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0vs.\u00a0<em>Montia\u00a0<\/em>(the common name of Miner\u2019s lettuce is used for species of both genera.) By the 1980s and into the 1990s, there were more and more questions about whether Claytonia belonged in Portulacaceae or Montiaceae. DNA work starting in the late 1990s and continuing into the early 2000s led to\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Montia<\/em>\u00a0being moved to Montiaceae. The original 1998 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the 2003 AGPII left Portulacaceae and its genera basically unchanged, but by the 2009 APG III, both\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Montia,<\/em>\u00a0along with a number of other genera, were moved to the Montiaceae. The other genera moved to Montiaceae include\u00a0<em>Hectorella<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Calandrinia<\/em>,<em>Cistanthe<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Lewisia<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>Phemeranthu<\/em>s (<em>Talinum<\/em>). There are approximately 25 recognized species of\u00a0<em>Claytonia<\/em>\u00a0and 12 of\u00a0<em>Montia<\/em>\u00a0worldwide, with only\u00a0<em>Claytonia virginica<\/em>\u00a0and<em>Claytonia caroliniana\u00a0<\/em>(Carolina spring beauty)<em>\u00a0<\/em>found in Virginia.\u00a0<em>Montia fontana\u00a0<\/em>(annual water miners lettuce) and\u00a0<em>Montia linearis<\/em>\u00a0(narrow leaf miners lettuce), listed on page 1368 of the\u00a0<em>Flora of Virginia<\/em>\u00a0under \u201cTaxa Not Treated in This Manual,\u201d are two\u00a0<em>Montia<\/em>\u00a0species considered \u201cwaifs\u201d (nonnative plants that are rare or only short-lived in an area). The<em>Claytonia virginica<\/em>\u00a0classification change is reflected in most current floras and taxonomic work, including in our 2012\u00a0<em>Flora of Virginia.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Some websites of interest:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/www.texasbeyondhistory.net\/coast\/nature\/images\/spring-beauty.html\">Overview of spring beauty species and medicinal uses<\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inpaws.org\/images\/resources\/Gordon%20Mitchell%20Articles\/GM_spring_beauty.pdf\">Spring Beauty: The Fairy Spud,\u201d an overview of spring beauty species, common names, edible and medicinal uses<\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.virginialiving.com\/articles\/this-spuds-for-you\/\">This Spud\u2019s for You<\/a>\u201d(another common name for spring beauty is \u201cfairy spud\u201d):<\/p>\n<p>\u2013Interestingly, two USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) sites differ on classification of\u00a0<em>Claytonia virginica,<\/em>\u00a0with the USDA\u2019s Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) recognizing Montiaceae and placing Claytonia and Montia in that family, while the USDA Plant Database still lists both genera in Portulacaceae. The two websites are\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ars-grin.gov\/cgi-bin\/npgs\/html\/family.pl?733\"><em>www.ars-grin.gov\/cgi-bin\/npgs\/html\/family.pl?733<\/em>\u00a0<\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/java\/profile?symbol=clvi3%20\"><em>http:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/java\/profile?symbol=clvi3<\/em><\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/research-curation\/research\/projects\/clayton-herbarium\/index.html\">John Clayton Herbarium at Natural History Museum in London, England<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huh.harvard.edu\/libraries\/Gray_Bicent\/graybio.htm\">Backgound on Asa Gray<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.zora.uzh.ch\/42651\/4\/Nyffeler_Taxon_2010_V.pdf\">Disintegrating Portulacaceae: a new familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae (Caryophyllales) based on molecular and Morphological data<\/a>\u201d<em><\/em><\/p>\n<address>[<a href=\"http:\/\/wisplants.uwsp.edu\/scripts\/bigphoto.asp?bigphoto=CLAVIR_.jpg&amp;taxon=Claytonia%20virginica%20L.&amp;phog=Botanical%20Illustration&amp;spcode=clavir\"><em>Botanical illustration of Claytonia virginic<\/em>a,\u00a0<em>in<\/em>\u00a0Dictionnaire des sciences naturelle<em>, by Pierre Jean Francois Turpin (1816)<\/em>.<\/a>]<\/address>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Marion Blois Lobstein The history of the classification ofClaytonia virginica\u00a0began in 1735 when John Clayton sent a collected and pressedClaytonia virginica\u00a0specimen to Johann Friedrich Gronovius in the Netherlands. Clayton had been inspired by Mark Catesby whom Clayton had met during the period Catesby lived in Williamsburg, Virginia from 1712 to 1719. Catesby encouraged Clayton\u2019s&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":12,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"tpl-sidebar.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-39","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>History of Classification of Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty) - Prince William Wildflower Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/botanizing-with-marion\/history-of-classification-of-claytonia-virginica-spring-beauty\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of Classification of Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty) - Prince William Wildflower Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Marion Blois Lobstein The history of the classification ofClaytonia virginica\u00a0began in 1735 when John Clayton sent a collected and pressedClaytonia virginica\u00a0specimen to Johann Friedrich Gronovius in the Netherlands. 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