{"id":20,"date":"2013-11-13T18:33:58","date_gmt":"2013-11-13T18:33:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vnps.dreamhosters.com\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/?page_id=20"},"modified":"2020-10-21T16:30:20","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T20:30:20","slug":"changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/","title":{"rendered":"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>by Marion Lobstein<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright lazyload\" title=\"Mary Wolcott botanical chelone glabra\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"434\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/434;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<strong>Chelone glabra<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0or smooth turtlehead has had an interesting taxonomic journey. Called \u201c<em>Chelone acadiensis flore albo<\/em>\u201d by Tournefort in 1706 (<em>Flora Virginica,<\/em>\u00a01762), turtlehead was assigned its current binominium by Linnaeus in 1753.\u00a0<em>Chelone<\/em>traditionally has been placed in the<em>Scrophulariaceae<\/em>\u00a0(Figwort family). This family (as well as Plantaginaceae) was proposed by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789.\u00a0 The taxonomy of Scrophulariaceae has been a challenge since that time and is one of the flowering plant families undergoing recent significant change or disintegration. Over the last two centuries, this family has been divided into subfamilies and tribes:\u00a0 Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family) has moved in and out of that family as have other families such as the Paulowniaceae.\u00a0 Since the early 1990s, continuing DNA research on members of the Scrophulariaceae has resulted in this family being disintegrated into a minimum of five families for genera occurring in Virginia.\u00a0 The listing below shows the families and genera assigned to these families:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Scrophulariaceae:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0(Figwort family-redefined)<em><\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Scrophularia<\/em>\u00a0(figwort)<em>, Verbascum<\/em>\u00a0(mulleins)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family)<\/strong>\u00a0[traditionally included only\u00a0<em>Conopholis<\/em>(cancer- or squaw-root)<em>, Epifagus<\/em>\u00a0(beechdrops)<em>, and Orobanche<\/em>\u00a0(broom-rape)<em>\u00a0&#8211;<\/em>all species are plant root parasites]\n<ul>\n<li>Former Scrophulariaceae genera (all hemi-parasitic on roots of other plants genera to some degree) reassigned to Orobanchaceae are:<em>\u00a0 Agalinis\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>(false foxgloves)<em>, Aureolaria\u00a0<\/em>(false foxgloves)<em>, Buchnera<\/em>\u00a0(bluehearts)<em>\u00a0, Castilleja\u00a0<\/em>(Indian paintbrushes)<em>, Melampyrum\u00a0<\/em>(cow-wheat)<em>, Pedicularis<\/em>\u00a0(louseworts)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phrymaceae (Lopseed family)\u00a0<\/strong>[traditionally included only<em>\u00a0Phryma\u00a0<\/em>(lopseed)]\n<ul>\n<li>Former Scrophulariaceae genera reassigned to Phrymaceae are:\u00a0<em>\u00a0Mazus<\/em>\u00a0(mazuses)<em>\u00a0, Micranthemum\u00a0<\/em>(micranthemums)<em>\u00a0, Mimulus\u00a0<\/em>(monkeyflowers)<em><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plantaginaceae (Plantain family)<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em>[traditionally included only<em>\u00a0<\/em><em>Plantago<\/em>(plantains) genus from our area]\n<ul>\n<li>Some modern taxonomists such as Richard Olmstead propose placing most of the former Orobanchaceae genera into the family Veronicaceae (Durande,1782) but this family name is not valid.<\/li>\n<li>Former Scrophulariaceae genera reassigned to Plantaginaceae are:\u00a0<em>\u00a0<\/em><em>Antirrhinum<\/em>(snapdragons),<em>\u00a0Bacopa\u00a0<\/em>(water-hyssops)<em>, Chelone\u00a0<\/em>(turtleheads),<em>\u00a0Collinsia\u00a0<\/em>(blue-eyed Mary)<em>, Cymbalaria<\/em>\u00a0(Kenilworth ivy)<em>, Gratiola<\/em>\u00a0(hedge-hyssop)<em>, Kickxia<\/em>(cancerworts)<em>, Limosella\u00a0<\/em>(mudworts)<em>, Linaria\u00a0<\/em>(toadflaxes)<em>, Lindernia\u00a0<\/em>(false pimpernel)<em>, Mecardonia\u00a0<\/em>(axilflowers)<em>, Nuttallanthus\u00a0<\/em>(toadflaxes)<em>, Penstemon<\/em>(beard-tongues)<em>\u00a0, Veronica\u00a0<\/em>(speedwells)<em>, Veronicastrum<\/em>\u00a0(Culver\u2019s root)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paulowniaceae (Princess tree family)<\/strong><em><\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Paulownia<\/em>\u00a0(Princess tree)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This dismantling of the Scrophulariaceae is a very complicated situation; if you would like to check out some online references for more detail on this disintegration of this family, here are some you may want to explore:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/88\/2\/348.full\"><strong>Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/phylodiversity.net\/dtank\/Tank_Lab\/Publications_files\/Aust.%20Syst.%20Bot.%202006%20Tank.pdf\"><strong>Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/92\/2\/297.full\"><strong>Piecing together the \u201cnew\u201d Plantaginaceae<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/cwd.huck.psu.edu\/parastcplnts.html\"><strong>Parasitic Plants: Molecular Phylogenetics of Scrophulariaceae\/Orobanchaceae<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/98\/5\/896.full\"><strong>Molecular systematics of the parasitic genus\u00a0<em>Conopholis<\/em>\u00a0(Orobanchaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear sequences<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/93\/7\/1039.full\"><strong>Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/91\/6\/918.full\"><strong>Phylogenetic relationships of North American Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae)<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/89\/7\/1093.full\"><strong>Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of\u00a0<em>Mimulus<\/em>, tribe Mimuleae, and<em>Phryma<\/em><\/strong><strong>1<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Marion Lobstein will continue to explain or expand on the changes of names (taxonomy) of our Virginia plants in the upcoming\u00a0<em>Flora of Virginia<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>[<em><\/em>Botanical illus., Mary Walcott,\u00a0<em>http:\/\/wisplants.uwsp.edu<\/em>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Marion Lobstein &nbsp; \u00a0Chelone glabra\u00a0or smooth turtlehead has had an interesting taxonomic journey. Called \u201cChelone acadiensis flore albo\u201d by Tournefort in 1706 (Flora Virginica,\u00a01762), turtlehead was assigned its current binominium by Linnaeus in 1753.\u00a0Chelonetraditionally has been placed in theScrophulariaceae\u00a0(Figwort family). This family (as well as Plantaginaceae) was proposed by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789.\u00a0&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"tpl-sidebar.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Marion Lobstein &nbsp; \u00a0Chelone glabra\u00a0or smooth turtlehead has had an interesting taxonomic journey. Called \u201cChelone acadiensis flore albo\u201d by Tournefort in 1706 (Flora Virginica,\u00a01762), turtlehead was assigned its current binominium by Linnaeus in 1753.\u00a0Chelonetraditionally has been placed in theScrophulariaceae\u00a0(Figwort family). This family (as well as Plantaginaceae) was proposed by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789.\u00a0&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prince William Wildflower Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Prince-William-Wildflower-Society-a-Virginia-Native-Plant-Society-Chapter-142292732540373\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-21T20:30:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/\",\"name\":\"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/wp\\\/pwws\\\/files\\\/2012\\\/09\\\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-11-13T18:33:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-21T20:30:20+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/wp\\\/pwws\\\/files\\\/2012\\\/09\\\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/wp\\\/pwws\\\/files\\\/2012\\\/09\\\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/\",\"name\":\"Prince William Wildflower Society\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vnps.org\\\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society","og_description":"by Marion Lobstein &nbsp; \u00a0Chelone glabra\u00a0or smooth turtlehead has had an interesting taxonomic journey. Called \u201cChelone acadiensis flore albo\u201d by Tournefort in 1706 (Flora Virginica,\u00a01762), turtlehead was assigned its current binominium by Linnaeus in 1753.\u00a0Chelonetraditionally has been placed in theScrophulariaceae\u00a0(Figwort family). This family (as well as Plantaginaceae) was proposed by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789.\u00a0&hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/","og_site_name":"Prince William Wildflower Society","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Prince-William-Wildflower-Society-a-Virginia-Native-Plant-Society-Chapter-142292732540373","article_modified_time":"2020-10-21T20:30:20+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/","url":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/","name":"Changes in Taxonomy of Chelone glabra and the Traditional Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) - Prince William Wildflower Society","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg","datePublished":"2013-11-13T18:33:58+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-21T20:30:20+00:00","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/changes-in-taxonomy-of-chelone-glabra-and-the-traditional-scrophulariaceae-figwort-family\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/wp\/pwws\/files\/2012\/09\/Mary-Wolcott-botanical-chelone-glabra-e1346522504278.jpg"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/#website","url":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/","name":"Prince William Wildflower Society","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18984,"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions\/18984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnps.org\/princewilliamwildflowersociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}